Scientific and Technical Journal of Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology

UDK: 664.66.085.1. RESEARCH ON THE FOOD SAFETY OF POMEGRANATE JUICE AND CONCENTRATE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

muzaffar khamdamov — 2024-06-29

Annotation: To ensure flow and continuity of the juice production process, industry uses continuous presses. In addition, the quality of the juices produced depends, first of all, on the quality and chemical composition of the raw materials, as well as on the features of the production process. More numerous factors for preserving the quality of juices are the following: packaging that allows you to preserve the organoleptic and physicochemical properties of processed vegetables for a certain period of time, etc.

Kimyo va kimyoviy texnologiyalar

Abdulakhat Djalilov — 2024-06-29

Objective. The purpose of this work is not only to develop a method for synthesizing a new plasticizer but also to study its properties using gel chromatography, which will allow for the optimization of its use in concrete production.

Methods. The research includes the synthesis of polycarboxylate-based plasticizers and the determination of their polyelectrolyte properties using gel chromatography. The work employed multifaceted experimental approaches aimed at determining the molecular mass and structure of the new products. The distribution of molecular masses, hydrodynamic parameters, and polyelectrolyte properties of the synthesized copolymers are discussed.

Results. The study successfully synthesized a new polycarboxylate-based plasticizer and determined its molecular mass and structure using gel chromatography. The copolymer's molecular mass was 10 kDa, and the monomer fraction was 1.8 kDa. The plasticizer improved concrete mixture properties, enhancing flowability, hardening time, and strength.

Conclusion. Research has been carried out on the synthesis of plasticizers based on polycarboxylates and the determination of their polyelectrolyte properties using gel chromatography. The distribution of molecular weights, hydrodynamic parameters, and polyelectrolyte properties of the copolymers obtained during the synthesis are discussed.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using various reducing agents and stabilizers

Masuda Lutpillaeva — 2024-06-29

The results of a series of experiments on the synthesis of silver-based nanoparticles are presented and a new method for their preparation is proposed. Silver nitrate salt was used as the basis of the nanoparticles. During the synthesis process, various reducing agents (glucose, sodium citrate, hydrazine) and stabilizers of the resulting nanoparticles (protein solutions of albumin and gelatin) were used. Some samples of silver nanoparticles were obtained without the participation of reducing agents. Preliminary conclusions have been made about the influence of individual synthesis parameters on the stability of silver nanoparticle systems and the relationship between the degree of dispersion of nanoparticles and the color intensity of their solutions.

Development of small business and private entrepreneurship with the help of investments

Nilufar Abdiyeva — 2024-06-29

The article examines the role of investments in the country's economy and their impact on the development of small businesses and private entrepreneurship.

006.89 METHODOLOGICAL PROCESSING OF QUALITY CONTROL OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES

Shoxsanam Xolboyeva — 2024-06-29

In this article, the creation of a market-oriented quality management system, the development of the internal and external environment of the market-oriented quality management system, the tolerance system for the change of the actual values of quality indicators during the production process without significantly affecting the technical level of quality regulation of possible limits, a comprehensive standardization system is about defining the program and regulating all processes of quality management.

Compounds that determine their nutritional value based on the types of food products.

Mirazam Meliboyev — 2024-06-29

Today, consumers are interested in the general composition of almost all types of manufactured products, and the number of products included in the product is increasing day by day. In this article, the general composition of food products, its energy-giving compounds, biological additives (preservatives, flavoring agents, coloring agents, flavor enhancers), proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are more detailedilluminates.

Effect of screw cleaner on cotton spinning

Tuychiev T Tuychiev T — 2024-06-29

The article presents the results of research carried out in production conditions to determine the effect of the 6A-12M1 small dirt cleaning equipment on cotton fiber fluffing and the effect of these blown cotton fibers on the change in the amount of fluffed cotton pieces when processed in the UXK small and large dirt cleaning equipment. According to the results of the research, 28.22% of the fibers of cotton pieces were blown in the 6A-12M1 cleaner, while the amount of blown cotton pieces was reduced to 11.46%, and the amount of unblown cotton was reduced to 88.54% when cleaning large impurities in the 2 saw drums and colosnic modules located in the UXK cleaning complex. So, it was found that in the presence of 2 sawing drums and a colosnik gid module in the UXK cleaning complex, it is possible to reduce the amount of cotton particles by up to 2.5 times when cleaning large impurities.

REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY ADJUSTING THE ELECTRODVIGATE SPEED OF THE LINTER DEVICE

Maqsudbek Shamshitdinov — 2024-06-29

You can increase the control token (Ib) given to the control churn and reduce the working churn voltage (Uin) and increase the load voltage (U). The variable token bridge is corrected in a semiconductor fixer with a schematic and transmitted to the engine yacht. Therefore, by changing the value of the land in the control churn, you can adjust the corrected voltage given to the “yakor”, resulting in the speed of the engine. In such a scheme, the biking of the mechanical characteristics of the engine is much lower.

There are also magnetic amplifier schemes with a magnetic amplifier with a reverse communication chain, an internal feedback chain, and a reverse communication chain by land and voltage.

With a much higher rate in these schemes, it is possible to adjust the speed of various powerless token engines.

ІNVESTІGАTІОN ОF АN ІMPRОVED SОLАR WАTER HEАTER ІN CОMSОL MULTІPHYSІCS SОFTWАRE

Navruzbek Mirzaalimov — 2024-06-29

Оbjесtіvе. Іn the аrtіcle, cоnsіderіng thаt the use оf renewаble energy sоurces іs the mоst prоmіsіng іn the cоndіtіоns оf the current energy needs, іncreаsіng theіr effіcіency іs оne оf the urgent prоblems.

Methоds. Speed dіstrіbutіоn, temperаture dіstrіbutіоn, wаter densіty chаnge due tо thermаl expаnsіоn were аnаlyzed. The temperаture оf the sоlаr cоllectоr, whіch іs оne оf the mоst іmpоrtаnt pаrаmeters, іs thаt the mаxіmum temperаture оf the оrdіnаry sоlаr cоllectоr prоduced іn the іndustry іs 60.4 ^оC аnd the mаxіmum temperаture оf the іmprоved sоlаr cоllectоr іs 65.2 ^оC, аnd the temperаture dіfference іs equаl tо 4.8 ^оC determіned.

Results. Cоmpаrіng the results оbtаіned thrоugh mоdelіng, іt іs fоund thаt the prоpоsed іmprоved sоlаr cоllectоr іs 8% mоre effіcіent іn оbtаіnіng hоt wаter іn the sаme tіme іntervаl due tо іts new оptіmаl desіgn.

Соnсlusіоn. The prоpоsed devіce аllоws tо оbtаіn hоt wаter due tо the use оf sоlаr energy. By wіdely іntrоducіng the іmprоved sоlаr cоllectоr, іt wіll be pоssіble tо meet the needs оf the pоpulаtіоn fоr hоt wаter, tо use the electrіcіty sаved due tо the reductіоn оf wаter heаtіng by electrіcіty fоr оther purpоses.

Phosphorus fertilizer technology activated from phosphorus powder and mineralized mass

Ezozbek Nozimov — 2024-06-29

The article presents the results of obtaining activated phosphorous fertilizer (APF) using phosphoric acid extraction (PAE) from phosphorite powder (PP), which is formed during the washing processes of Central Kyzylkum (CK) phosphorites at high temperature enrichment. Phosphoric acid containing 18.0-21.0% P2O5 and its standards of 110-120% were found to be acceptable sizes for experiments. The main components of APF received in these sizes are as follows: Total P₂O₅. 30.75-31.53%; P2O5 - 16.28-18.30%; P₂O₅s.w.- 4.46-5.30%; CaO comm.– 22.33-22.79%; CaO assim. – 12.20-13.18% (when using PP) and total P₂O₅.-32.58-33.15%; P₂O₅ - 17.26-19.23%; P₂O₅s.w.- 4.49-5.39%; CaOcomm.-29.13-29.31%; CaOassim.-15.67-17.22% (when using MM).

Government support of the garment and knitting industry within the scope of business activity

Abdusalam Maksudov — 2024-06-29

The article talks about state support for the clothing and knitting industry in the country and about the peculiarities of the development of the industry.

ACCELERATION OF HEAT AND MATTER EXCHANGE PROCESSES IN THE FINAL DISTILLER WITH A CONVEX-CONCAVE PLATE

Kozimjon Ismoilov — 2024-06-29

In the article, it can be seen that the liquid-vapor system and the interfacial substance exchange and the reduction of hydraulic resistances are caused by the increase in the mutual contact of liquid and vapors using column devices. Use of modern coiled equipment in extraction plants and familiarization with their modes of operation, their application to industrial enterprises. Speeding up the exchange of substances due to the expansion of the phase surface in the final distillation process and the use of new technological equipment.

Research on the process of building dress shapes in 3d space

Nargiza Usmanova — 2024-06-29

The article explores the potential for designing virtual clothing models based on material characteristics and evaluating the quality of fit using the automated CLO3D program. To inform the selection and prediction of viable solutions for the development of the company's industrial collection, the study presents findings from a periodic analysis of parameters such as shape, fragmentation, and fabric texture of women's dresses from the "Carolina Herrera" brand over the period from 2000 to 2024. Based on the research findings, a collection of hourglass-shaped women's dresses was designed, considering the characteristics of typical figures with varying fullness and height. To determine suitable clothing forms for different body types, a comparative analysis was conducted between real samples of basic size shirts and virtual shirt forms developed using the CLO3D program. The study revealed that the shape of the virtual clothing created in the CLO3D program is influenced by the development of the virtual mannequin, which is based on the projection parameters of the real mannequin, and by the completeness of information regarding the physical and mechanical properties of the materials.

Methods of determining the efficiency of the cotton regenator in the cleaning process

Shavkatjon Mamajanov — 2024-06-29

This article describes the technology of cleaning cotton from large impurities and the working process of the regenerator machine, which separates cotton raw material from the wastes released from the devices. In addition, in the study, if the real value of the regenerator's cleaning and regeneration effects is low, it is recommended to check the technical condition of the regenerator and correct the detected defects, as well as to reduce the consumption of air from the pneumatic supply of the regenerator.

The IMPROVING THE MECHANISM OF INCREASING COMPETITIVENESS OF SMALL BUSINESS ENTITIES IN LOCAL CONSUMER MARKETS

Komiljon Tajibayev — 2024-06-29

This article examines the issues of assessing the competitiveness of small business enterprises. The competitiveness of the enterprise can be determined depending on the dynamics of the integral indicator of the enterprise's competitiveness, taking into account the change in the share of sales of each of the enterprise's goods on the market and the change in their share in the enterprise's sales volume. The issues of evaluating the competitiveness of the enterprise with its production profitability, and comparing it with the average industrial profitability have been studied. Conclusions and suggestions have been developed regarding the problems.

8.1751 METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVING LEXICАL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE ENGLISH LАNGUАGE TEАCHERS.

Zarnigor Ismoilova — 2024-06-29

In this аrticle, we will discuss the methodology of English lаnguаge teаchers to develop students' vocаbulаry. In the study of the topic, whаt methods teаchers use to teаch students lexicаl informаtion, the chаrаcteristics of students working on words аnd expressions using the dictionаry аre importаnt. The аdvаntаges of the аrticle methodology, the definition of problems аnd solutions, the аnаlysis аnd improvement of teаching concepts, аnd prаcticаl progrаmming methods аre shown. The methodology for improving the lexicаl competence of future English lаnguаge teаchers focuses on enhаncing their vocаbulаry knowledge аnd usаge in order to become more proficient communicаtors аnd educаtors. This methodology mаy include аctivities such аs vocаbulаry building exercises, reаding comprehension tаsks, lаnguаge gаmes, аnd reаl-life communicаtion prаctice. By engаging in these аctivities, future English lаnguаge teаchers cаn expаnd their lexicаl repertoire, improve their lаnguаge skills, аnd ultimаtely become more effective in teаching English to others.

Use in a new receptor in functional bread making

Shukrullo Turg’unov — 2024-06-29

Functional foods have gained significant attention due to their potential health benefits. In this study, we investigate the incorporation of a novel receptor in bread making to enhance its functional properties. Our findings suggest that this receptor holds promise in improving the nutritional profile and sensory attributes of bread, thus offering a novel avenue for the development of functional bread products.

Social evaluation of the youth behavior and value sphere in Namangan region

Baxtiyor Mirzatov — 2024-06-29

The main hypothesis of the current study is that human values are related to the level and quality of economic activity. Having studied the nature of value orientations, it can be assumed that value orientations can determine a person’s behavior in the labor market, that is, the level of economic activity. Statistical indicators of the economy of the Namangan region and the state of the labor market are the main source of scientific observations, predictions, analytical reports, etc.

BIOMEDICAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF CHITOSAN DERIVATIVES

Madinabonu Yoqubjonova — 2024-06-29

In this era, there is a global concern in the use of bioactive molecules such as chitosan in the ﬁeld of antimicrobial and antioxidant beneﬁts. Because of its biodegradability, biological compatibility, antimicrobial, antioxidants activity, and high safety, chitosan may be applied to in a large number of applications. It could exist in many forms, such as ﬁbers, gels, ﬁlms, sponges, nanoparticles, and beads. Additionally, further uses for chitosan and its byproducts, including wound healing products, wastewater treatment, and cosmetics, have also been highlighted. This analysis aligns with our earlier review that presented data collected through 2023 and compiles the most recent results regarding the antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties of chitosan derivatives.

Research of methods of antibacterial treatment of textile materials

Matluba Nazarova — 2024-06-29

In this article, analyzes were conducted on the basis of the types, characteristics, processing processes, areas of use, advantages, disadvantages of the new structural antibacterial, hygienically usable gauzes created on the basis of modern innovative technologies.

Deformation of the shaft in torsion and the effect of torsion along with bending

Avazbek Obidov — 2024-06-29

Insufficient smoothness of the saw cylinder shaft leads to impermissible misalignments in the gap between the columns, which has a very negative effect on the grinding process. In this case, using the method of equivalent diameters developed by B.P. Jemochkin, we determine the bending and turning angles of the saw cylinder shaft.

620.193.4;536.7 THЕRMОDYNАMIC STUDY ОF THЕ АNTI-CОRRОSIОN PRОPЕRTIЕS ОF DICIАNDIАMIDЕ IN АN АCID ЕNVIRОNMЕNT

Yusufboy Rajabov — 2024-06-29

Thе аrticlе invеstigаtеs thе cоrrоsiоn prоtеctiоn prоpеrtiеs оf N20 grаdе stееl in а 0.5 M HCl sоlutiоn оf dicyаndiаmidе (DTSDА). Thе study еxаminеs thе grаvimеtric аnаlysis оf cоrrоsiоn prоtеctiоn prоpеrtiеs аt diffеrеnt tеmpеrаturеs аnd cоncеntrаtiоns. Thе аdsоrptiоn оf thе inhibitоr оntо thе mеtаl surfаcе is аnаlyzеd using Frumkin, Tyоmkin, аnd Lаngmuir isоthеrms. By еmplоying thе Lаngmuir isоthеrm, thе еquilibrium cоnstаnt, Gibbs еnеrgy, еnthаlpy, аnd еntrоpy vаluеs оf thе аdsоrptiоn prоcеss аrе dеtеrminеd.

Study of rheological flow curves of ED20 emulsions

Akbarjon Ochilov — 2024-06-29

The article discusses the main properties of ED20 emulsions - its rheological characteristics and determines the shear stress at different shear rates, the strengthening effect on the structure of the emulsion.

Methods. To establish the rheological properties and characteristics of resinous substances and their curing processes, viscometric studies were carried out using the Reotest-2.1 device. To do this, the composition under study was placed in a wedge-shaped slot between a stationary plate and a cone, the width of which has a diameter d. The process was carried out at different temperatures and the values of the parameter α were calculated.

Results. Rheological studies of epoxy resin emulsions with different concentrations of LABSA (linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid) show that these systems have structured non-Newtonian properties. At all analyzed levels of epoxy resin, an increase in the proportion of emulsifier leads to an increase in rheological parameters such as ultimate shear stress, viscosity and others.

Conclusion. The rheological characteristics of ED20 emulsions demonstrate non-Newtonian behavior, characterized by a decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate. This effect is especially pronounced when using PEG and LABSA as emulsifiers, which emphasizes their importance in stabilizing emulsion systems and the need for careful selection of surfactants depending on the target properties of the finished products.

The struggle for constitutional monarchy in the khanate of khiva at the beginning of the xx century

Mukhammadjon Alikhanov — 2024-06-29

There is written the political processes which taken place in the Khiva Khanate in the early twentieth century in this article. Article describes about trying to implement the constitutional monarchic system by young Khivans and these reforms impact, and about the influence of the Interim Government and the Russian military on the basis of various historical sources and archival materials.

UDK: 31.362.3 SAFETY STUDIES IN SOYBEAN OIL PRODUCTION PROCESS

muzaffar khamdamov — 2024-06-29

Annotation. Strictly following the specific procedures for each operation is crucial to producing top-quality soybeans. Achieving this quality necessitates on-farm quality control during post-harvest processing. To enhance the soybean aspiration process, employing a grid with slanted holes in the aspiration zone and a specialised fan can effectively remove both light and heavy impurities.

006.072 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGIES IN THE METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY SUPPLY CHAIN.

dildora Mamadalieva — 2024-06-29

In this article, a model supporting the quality management and technological processes of the supply chain in the metallurgical industry has been developed. This model is general and universal in nature, and the recommended guidelines can be implemented in various manufacturing companies. The assumptions of this model were developed on the basis of observations of Mexmash enterprise, one of the largest metallurgical plants in our region. This developed model leads to a significant improvement in the activities of metallurgical industry enterprises in terms of building effective forms of communication with customers, implementing logistics processes based on customer requirements, and providing high-level customer service. The supply chain aims to minimize inventory levels and raw material costs while maintaining the highest quality standards. The production logistics activity of the subsystem is aimed at increasing the efficiency of production processes, at the same time increasing quality standards and reducing the number of inconsistencies. In turn, the distribution subsystem integrates logistics processes, marketing, and quality to improve overall customer service.

Change of cation exchange capacity during the thermal treatment of bentonite and their textural characteristics

Alisher Kalbaev — 2024-06-29

This article presents a comprehensive study aimed at analyzing the changes in cation exchange capacity (CEC) of bentonite clays during their beneficiation and subsequent thermal treatment. Using X-ray diffraction analysis, key alterations in the mineralogical composition of the bentonite samples were identified, enabling the assessment of the beneficiation efficiency in terms of montmorillonite content and the reduction in proportions of quartz, kaolinite, and illite. Special attention is devoted to the influence of these processes on the cation exchange properties of bentonite, highlighting a significant increase in CEC after beneficiation and the modification of this characteristic depending on the conditions of thermal treatment. Possible mechanisms underlying the observed changes are analyzed, along with their potential application in creating bentonites with specified properties for various fields of use, particularly in the context of adsorption and wastewater treatment.

The labor market and its effect on the economy

Nilufar Abdiyeva — 2024-06-29

The purpose of the article is to determine the nature and connection of the labor market with entrepreneurship and business. The tools of labor market policy used in economic practice are presented, which makes it possible to understand its operation and impact on the economy as a whole. The article identifies practical tools in the labor market and strategies that directly affect the activity of economic organizations and the state economy as a whole.

677.023 DESIGN OF THE MECHАNICАL PROPERTIES OF THE FАBRIC USED BY WIND YАRN SPINNING FROM COTTON АND POLYESTER FIBERS

Suxrob Axmadjanov — 2024-06-29

In this аrtiсlе, thе еlоngаtiоn аt brеаk, whiсh is оnе оf thе mаin prоpеrtiеs оf thе fаbriс, wаs studiеd. Thе fibеr соntеnt оf jutе yаrn, thе thiсknеss оf jutе yаrn, аnd thе сhаngе in dеnsity оf jutе yаrn in thе fаbriс wеrе аnаlyzеd аs thе fасtоrs аffесting thе еlоngаtiоn аt brеаk оf thе fаbriс. Аlsо, using mаthеmаtiсаl mоdеling mеthоds, rеgrеssiоn еquаtiоns wеrе оbtаinеd tо саlсulаtе thе еlоngаtiоn аt brеаk оf thе tissuе. Thе соеffiсiеnts оf this rеgrеssiоn еquаtiоn wеrе tеstеd bаsеd оn Studеnt's аnd Fishеr's tеsts. Cоttоn аnd pоlyеstеr yаrns hаd usеd fоr wеаving. Аt thе sаmе timе, 100 pеrсеnt pоlyеstеr fibеr yаrns оf 3 diffеrеnt linеаr dеnsitiеs wеrе tаkеn аs а wеft yаrn, аnd thеir еffесts оn thе еlоngаtiоn аt brеаk оf thе fаbriс wеrе studiеd.

Effect of energy drinks on the human body

Utkirali Nishonov — 2024-06-29

In the article, effective work carried out by our state in order to provide the population with food products, public safety, diseases caused by the increase in the amount of caffeine in the products, anti-selling measures and information are mentioned.

Enlightenment movement of jadids in Khiva khanate

Marufjon Kayumov — 2024-06-29

The article is devoted to the efforts to reform the educational system in the Khiva Khanate at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. In it, the state of the existing education system in the khanate in this period, the influence of the Jadidism movement on the Khiva khanate, which was widespread in Turkestan, are highlighted on the basis of various historical works and archival sources. Based on the data, the actions of representatives of the Jadidism movement in the Khanate, the attitude of the existing government, as well as the representatives of ancient (old traditional) education and religious scholars to the reforms in the field of education and the attitude of the representatives of Jadidism were analyzed.

544-971 MECHANISM OF H2 O VAPOR ADSORPTION IN A TYPE ZEOLITES. THE ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS

odina Davlatova — 2024-06-29

In this study, the energy characteristics of water vapor adsorption in NaA and NaA(NaBO₂) zeolites were measured by adsorption calorimetry. Information of differential heats, isotherms, entropy and kinetic of adsorption in the matrix of NaA and NaA(NaBO₂) zeolites were obtained. Adsorption isotherms (a) and differential heats of adsorption (Q_d) of water vapor by NaA and NaA(NaBO₂) zeolites were measured at 303 K. The heats of adsorption are stepwise and each step corresponds to the stoichiometric formation of adsorption complexes of H₂O molecules with Na⁺ or H⁺ ions, (H₂O)_n/Na⁺ or H⁺, (n = 1-4), which are located on the S_III, S_II and S_I crystallographic positions of NaA and NaA(NaBO₂). Hydration mechanism of NaA and NaA(NaBO₂) are complex and at saturation, the zeolites are occupied by the next water zeolitic host/guest systems: NaA – 2.2[(H₂O)₄/Na⁺_III+H⁺], 3[(H₂O)₂/Na⁺_II] and 6.6[(H₂O)₂/Na⁺_I]; NaA(NaBO₂) - 2[(H₂O)₄/Na⁺_III], 3[(H₂O)₄/Na⁺_II] and 6.86[(H₂O)/Na⁺_I]. The complete hydration of the α- and β cages of NaA amounts thus to 21,8 and 6,2 respectively H₂O/u.c. and α-cage of NaA(NaBO₂) – 26,3 H₂O/uc. The mean molar integral adsorption entropy of water is ~-30,5 J/mol K less than the entropy of the bulk liquid. This value nearly the same as entropy of crystalline water so the mobility of water in the zeolitic matrix is solidlike.

677.21 WAYS TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF MOVING DEVICE USED IN AIR TRANSPORTATION OF COTTON

Makhliyo Salokhiddinova — 2024-06-29

This article analyzes the problems of increasing the efficiency of the propulsion device used at cotton ginning enterprises for transporting cotton by air. The work process, disadvantages and advantages of currently used types of pneumatic transport in stationary and mobile conditions have been studied. Based on the results of the analysis, a new design of the drive device was proposed. The operating procedure of the improved version of the propulsion system is also described in detail. By implementing the proposed design, it is possible to maintain the original quality indicators of raw materials during primary processing at cotton ginning enterprises, as well as to prevent the combination of free fibers with waste and air-absorbed dust.

Results of mechanochemical synthesis of methylene blue complex with d-metals

M Kadirova — 2024-06-29

The article describes the mechanochemical synthesis of a complex based on methylene blue (MB) and cobalt(II) chloride and a description of the structure of the complex. The synthesis of the complexes was carried out by the mechanochemical method by mixing the reagents in a stoichiometric ratio in an agate mortar until a homogeneous mass was formed. Dimethylformamide (DMF) was added dropwise to the resulting reaction mixture until a homogeneous dark blue solution was formed. The crystals required for X-ray diffraction analysis were obtained by slow evaporation of the reaction solution over a week. The parameters of the crystals were analyzed by the X-ray structure method.The mechanochemical synthesis of the complexes was carried out by mixing the raw materials in stoichiometric proportions by grinding them in an agate mortar. DMF was added dropwise to the reaction mixture until a homogeneous dark blue solution was formed. The crystals required for X-ray diffraction analysis were obtained by evaporating the solution at room temperature for a week. The reaction yield was 85%. The mechanochemical synthesis of the [MB]₂[CoCl₄] complex was proven based on X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal required for X-ray diffraction determination of the structure was grown only from a DMF solution. It has been established that the synthesis of complexes based on transition metal chlorides and MB can be easily carried out using the mechanochemical method.

Personnel competencies in the field of tourism personnel management

Dilnoza Yuldasheva — 2024-06-29

In this paper has been analyzed personnel competencies in the field of tourism personnel management. By the author has been described the content of the competency-based approach from the point of view of the specific characteristics of employees in the tourism sector. In addition, this article analyzes the general classification of competencies, on the basis of which a model for the formation of universal competencies of tourism employees has been developed. The purpose of the study is to create a model for the formation of universal competencies of employees at tourism enterprises. The study was carried out on the basis of content analysis of scientific works and methods devoted to the problems of forming and assessing universal competencies in tourism enterprises.

006.89 PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION OF COSTS TO ENSURE PRODUCT QUALITY IN PRODUCTION

Shoxsanam Xolboyeva — 2024-06-29

This article about the development of methods for optimizing quality costs in production enterprises in a market-oriented management system, ensuring product quality in the production process and choosing the right types of costs.

Method of making syrup for cold drinks

Bufotima Abdullayeva — 2024-06-29

This article describes method how to get new syrup from local herbs. A description of the components that describe the functional properties of cool drinks is provided. The duration and quality of drinks were defined. Besides it is clear that the plants listed below may be useful in nature and can be used in medicine.

Establishment of the device for separation of fibers suitable for spinning from the waste of the cotton cleaning process

Xadicha Xuramova — 2024-06-29

This article explored a device for the separation of cotton pieces from cotton waste that were separated from the cotton waste that was separated from the processes of cleaning cotton in its original processes. The factors affecting the processing of the separation device have been taught and suggestions are made. In the separation device, differential equations of mass movement are formed and appropriate graphics are obtained.

66.091 Kimyo va kimyoviy texnologiyalar

Muzafar Yusupov — 2024-06-29

Objective. The purpose of this work is to study the adsorption characteristics of a synthesized organoelement sorbent intended for the sorption of lithium from brines, based on the adsorption and desorption isotherm of nitrogen at 77.35°K. Determination of the main adsorption characteristics of sorbents such as specific surface area, monolayer capacity, specific volume, average pore width, etc. All calculations were performed based on the BET method. The specific surface area of the sorbent is determined in two ways, i.e. by mass and volume of adsorbate gas using linear forms of the BET equation. The results of the nitrogen desorption isotherm on the synthesized sorbent according to the BJH method are presented.

Methods. To achieve the goal of this study, the standard method for determining the specific surface area of adsorbents was used - the BET method and pore size distribution - the BJH method. To determine the specific surface area using the multipoint BET method, it is necessary to measure the equilibrium values of the mass of the adsorbed gas (in our case, nitrogen) per unit mass of the adsorbent for at least three different relative pressures.

Results. The specific surface area of the sorbent, determined in two ways i.e. by mass and volume of adsorbate gas using the BET method was 4.99 m²/g. It was determined that the main capacity of the synthesized sorbent consists of pores with a width of 9 to 20 nm. The results of desorption based on the BJH method are presented.

Conclusion. The adsorption characteristics of the synthesized sorbent for the selective extraction of lithium from brines were determined, such as specific surface area, monolayer capacity, pore width, etc. The results were obtained with a nitrogen adsorption isotherm at 77.35 °K. Using the BET equations, the specific surface area of the synthesized sorbent was determined, which was 4.99 m²/g. The calculated results are compared with the results obtained by the specific surface area analyzer.

DC 550.34 CONSEQUENCES OF EARTHQUAKES AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES BASED ON FOREIGN EXPERIENCES

Ahror Ismoilov — 2024-06-29

Ushbu maqolada xorijiy mamlakatlarda sodir bo'lgan kuchli zilzilalar tahlili va mamlakatimizda seysmik xavfsizlikni ta'minlashdagi muammolar o'rganiladi. Kuchli zilzilalarning uzoq muddatli prognozlarini o'rganib chiqib, maqola ushbu muammolarni hal qilish uchun echimlar va tavsiyalar berishga qaratilgan.

Kuchli zilzilalarning oqibatlari, jumladan, shtatlarga ta'siri har tomonlama o'rganiladi. Bundan tashqari, maqolada aholi va hududlarni kuchli zilzilaning birlamchi va ikkilamchi og'ir oqibatlaridan himoya qilishning samarali strategiyalari taklif etiladi va tavsiya etiladi. Ushbu strategiyalar mamlakatimizga xos seysmik prognoz ma'lumotlaridan foydalanishga asoslangan.

Xorijiy mamlakatlarda olib borilgan tajriba va tadqiqotlarni o‘rganish orqali ushbu maqola seysmik xavfsizlik haqidagi tushunchamizni kengaytirishga va mamlakatimizda kuchli zilzilalar bilan bog‘liq xavflarni yumshatish bo‘yicha samarali chora-tadbirlar ishlab chiqishga hissa qo‘shishga qaratilgan.

ISOTHERM AND SORPTION MECHANISM OF TOLUENE ADSORPTION IN Cs+ CATION MFI ZEOLITE

Khayot Bakhronov — 2024-06-29

In this manuscript, the isotherm of the adsorption of toluene molecules in the Cs⁺ cationic form of the MFI-type synthetic zeolite 5-modification at a temperature of 303 K and the adsorption mechanism obtained in the experiment in the relative pressure coordinate are presented. The adsorption isotherm was measured using a universal high-vacuum device. Differential values of Gibbs free energy were calculated from thermodynamic equilibrium values. Based on the values of free energy, the adsorption isotherm was recharacterized by the three-state equation of micropore saturation theory. It was demonstrated that the values obtained in the experiment and the theoretically estimated values agree, and that the amount of cations in the zeolite is correlated with the coefficient of adsorption in the first term of the theory of volumetric filling of micropores equation. At a relative pressure value of P/P_s=0.06, it was determined that the saturation coefficient of MFI zeolite in the form of Cs⁺ cation is equal to q=66 %

The development and formation of competition of the market for the products of the sewing and knitting industry

Abdusalam Maksudov — 2024-06-29

The factors of the development of the market of sewing and knitting products and the formation of a competitive advantage are shown in the article. Competition advantage in reaching selectable strategies illuminated.

THE DEVELOPMENT COMPETITIVENESS OF SILK INDUSTRY IN NAMANGAN REGION

Ходжиматов Равшанбек — 2024-06-29

Abstract: Nowadays, world’s practice shows that cluster is not only means towards to the goals of the industrial policy, but is a powerful tool for the stimulation of regional development that finally can lead to the improvement of the trade balance of region, reinforcement of the employment and etc. The article studies the necessary of cluster system, its essential features in our country. In addition, analyzed effective ways of increasing fodder base of sericulture in region Given recommendations and suggestions of the improvement of silk clusters in Namangan regions.

Study of technological indicators of two-layer knitted fabrics obtained on long Xing LXA 252 knitting machine

Risolat Sheraliyeva — 2024-06-29

In this article, in order to expand the assortment of two-layer knitted fabrics, save raw material consumption, and determine their technological parameters, 3 samples were woven and their technological parameters were analyzed and recommended for production.

Study of stress-strain state of an earth dam using a three-dimensional model of the structure

Paxridin Маtkarimov — 2024-06-29

Thе papеr prеsеnts a mathеmatical mօdеl, mеthօdօlօgy and algօrithm fօr stսdying thе strеss-strain statе (SSS) օf an еarth dam with cօmplеx gеօmеtric paramеtеrs սsing a thrее-dimеnsiօnal mօdеl օf thе strսctսrе սndеr thе inflսеncе օf static lօads. Thе thrее-dimеnsiօnal strеss-strain statе օf a sօil dam was stսdiеd, taking intօ accօսnt hеtеrօgеnеօսs and dеsign fеatսrеs սsing thе սnivеrsal prօgram Abaqսs.

As a rеsսlt օf thе rеsеarch, it was rеvеalеd that thе dеfօrmatiօn օf thе dam pօints significantly dеpеnds օn thе lօcatiօn օf thе sеlеctеd sеctiօn. Thе dеfօrmatiօn in еach sеctiօn dеpеnds օn thе gеօmеtric paramеtеrs, thе hеight and lօcatiօn օf thе sеlеctеd sеctiօn. In еach sеctiօn, a diffеrеnt dеfօrmatiօn statе is օbsеrvеd, diffеring frօm еach օthеr. Thе strеss statе in all sеctiօns is almօst symmеtrical with rеspеct tօ thе vеrtical axis օf thе dam. In this casе, a diffеrеnt strеss statе is օbsеrvеd in еach sеctiօn. As thе hеight օf thе dam incrеasеs, thе valսеs օf vеrtical strеssеs cօrrеspօndingly incrеasе, and this is օbsеrvеd in thе part օf thе bօdy clօsе tօ thе basе. In thе middlе օf thе part, whеrе thе axis օf thе crеst is cսrvеd and thе hеight օf thе dam is rеdսcеd, thе natսrе օf thе distribսtiօn օf lօngitսdinal strеssеs is cօmplеx.

It was rеvеalеd that in օrdеr tօ stսdy thе strеss-strain statе օf thе Dzhidalisai rеsеrvօir dam with cօmplеx gеօmеtric paramеtеrs սndеr static lօads, it is nеcеssary tօ carry օսt calcսlatiօns օnly սsing thrее-dimеnsiօnal mօdеls օf thе strսctսrе.

The Cotton cleaning technology

Mirzavali Rayimjonov — 2024-06-29

Conclusion.The proposed device is mainly to ensure that the seeded cotton raw material in cotton gins does not harm the seeded cotton when all kinds of heavy impurities get mixed with the cotton due to machine and hand picking and negligence by the workers. The purpose of obtaining high-quality fiber and seed is put forward that it effectively carries out the process of trapping heavy impurities in its content. It consists in protecting the seed cotton from damage by passing it through less equipment. The device we offer consists of two-pocket and two-chamber surfaces, and the plates inside the pockets, which expel heavy impurities, are automatically opened and closed to prevent air ingress. Keeping control in our own hands by streaming to smartphones and computers ensures that this device efficiently removes heavy impurities. At the same time, in order to prevent the accumulation of raw cotton in many cases, especially when touching its vertical surface, there is a spring in the bottom part of the iron plate installed at a 30-degree slope, which helps to facilitate the damage and spread of the accumulated cotton, and then transfer it to the next parts. will give. In conclusion, it can be said that this device consists in increasing the efficiency of the processes of trapping small and large heavy impurities in raw cotton and using artificial intelligence without the automatic human factor.

8.1751 The text adheres to the stylistic and bibliographic requirements outlined in the Author Guidelines

Gulnoza To'ychibayeva — 2024-06-29

This article discusses the development of the Uzbekistan education system, the goal of teaching English to young learners, and the acquisition and learning of foreign languages by young children within the very early stages of the school system. Although there are many disorganized theories, opinions, models, and proposals about how to teach modern languages to young children, we will be focusing on the following. Teaching English to teenagers in Uzbekistan secondary schools has become a challenging task due to the increasing demands and expectations placed on educators. The overwork of teachers in this context is a pressing issue that impacts the quality of education provided to students. This study aims to explore the factors contributing to the overwork of teachers in teaching English to teenagers in Uzbekistan secondary schools, including heavy workloads, limited resources, and high student-to-teacher ratios. Additionally, the study will examine the impact of overwork on teacher well-being and job satisfaction, as well as its implications for student learning outcomes. By highlighting the challenges faced by teachers in this context, this research seeks to inform policy and practice initiatives aimed at improving the working conditions of educators and enhancing the quality of English language education in Uzbekistan secondary schools.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY OF SELECTED LEATHER FOR THE TRANSFORMATION ASSORTMENT

O`giloy Turdiyeva — 2024-06-29

In this article, calf, cow, sheep, and goat skins were processed for experimental options for the assortment of transformation bags, their physical-mechanical and chemical composition was determined, and a mathematical model was developed based on them.

Based on the physico-mechanical and chemical composition, a mathematical model was developed and the values of the coefficients determined on the basis of the mathematical models were discussed

The values of the coefficients determined among the mathematical models of leather selected for the transformation assortment were discussed and the most useful one was selected.

The chemical composition, physico-mechanical properties of calf, cow, sheep and goat skins obtained for experimental options were determined and a mathematical model was created and analyzed, its mathematical model was developed and useful leather for bags was determined.

Agriculture development in ensuring economic security in uzbekistan: theory, analysis and prospects

Mirzohid Bekmirzayev — 2024-06-29

As a result of the last five-year reforms the necessary political-legal, socio-economic and scientific-educational foundations for the establishment of New Uzbekistan were created at the new stage of development of our country,. Development strategy of New Uzbekistan consisting of seven priority directions for 2022-2026 was approved.

As in all sectors, a number of reforms have been carried out in agriculture to ensure the economic security of the state, sustainable development of the agricultural sector, food security of the population, creating a favorable agribusiness environment and added value chain, reducing state participation in management and increasing investment attractiveness, rational use of natural, labor and material and technical resources in the network, optimal placement of crops, processing of agricultural products, improving the quality of seed production and breeding, increasing the capacity of personnel in the network, acceleration of such important tasks as scientific-research works and improvement of information supply are being solved step by step.

0009-0002-8145-4997 DEVELOPMENT OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF UNSTEADY WATER MOVEMENT IN WATER MANAGEMENT FACILITIES

Bahrom Umarov — 2024-06-29

The article analyzes the problems of developing boundary conditions for mathematical models taking into account the multidimensional distribution of parameters of unstable water movement in space in modern conditions. The author revealed and explained the solution of the system of equations with boundary conditions for modeling two-dimensional water flow in open channels.

UDK 547.96 Kimyo va kimyoviy texnologiyalar

Arslonnazar Khusenov — 2024-06-29

Objective. This article presents the experimental results of extracting gelatin from protein-rich secondary local raw cattle skin by alkaline hydrolysis and determining the dependence of gelatin yield on the concentration of the hydrolyzing solution, temperature, and duration of hydrolysis. Also, the effect of hydrolysis conditions on the molecular weight of gelatin has been studied.

Development of an experimental construction of a device for cleaning from small piece of contaminants

Avazbek Obidov — 2024-06-29

In this article, the results of the work on the creation of the experimental construction of the improved small dirt cleaning device and conducting experiments on it are given. As a result of this research, an improved scheme of arrangement of working bodies and an effective mode of operation of the device for cleaning cotton from small piece of contaminants was developed.

Tax systems and their assessment criteria

Nilufar Abdiyeva — 2024-06-29

The article presents the concepts of tax and tax systems in general. The criteria for assessing tax systems are described. Their interrelation and contradictions are considered.

FORECASTING GDP GROWTH AND GDP PER CAPITA IN UZBEKISTAN BY THE ORDINARY LEAST SQUARES (OLS) REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Akhmadkhon Azibaev — 2024-06-29

Abstract.

Objective. This study employs the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression method to forecast Uzbekistan's GDP growth and GDP per capita from 2023 to 2030. Using historical data from 1991 to 2022, the research aims to provide a predictive model that can inform economic policies and investment decisions. The findings demonstrate a positive trajectory for GDP growth and per capita income, reflecting the potential for sustained economic development.

Methods. This study uses the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression method to forecast Uzbekistan’s GDP per capita from 2023 to 2030. Historical GDP per capita data from 1991 to 2022 serves as the basis for this analysis. The OLS method estimates the relationship between GDP per capita and time, aiming to minimize the sum of the squared differences between observed and predicted values. Python and the Statsmodels library were utilized to build and fit the regression model.

Results. The OLS regression model provides the following predictions for Uzbekistan's GDP per capita from 2023 to 2030. The model achieved an R-squared of 0.633 and an adjusted R-squared of 0.652, indicating a substantial proportion of variance explained by the model and suggesting robustness and relevance of the predictors. Additionally, a p-value less than 0.05 confirms the statistical significance of the model.

Conclusion. The OLS regression analysis forecasts a steady increase in Uzbekistan's GDP per capita from 2023 to 2030, suggesting positive economic prospects. The model's robustness and statistical significance make these predictions credible, providing valuable insights for policymakers and investors. However, the forecast assumes the continuation of historical trends and does not account for potential economic disruptions or significant policy changes.

Optimization of heat load in three-stage distillation of vegetable oil micelles

Yulduzxon Ikromova — 2024-06-29

The article presents methods of effective use of secondary water vapor in three-stage distillation of vegetable oil micelles, optimization of material and heat consumption of solvent vapor, water vapor and water in distillation processes. Economic efficiency was calculated as a result of efficient use of energy of secondary solvent vapors, saving of cold water consumption and introduction of energy-efficient technological line.

Constitutional reforms in Uzbekistan during the years of independence

Mukhammadjon Alikhanov — 2024-06-29

The article covers the history of the adoption of the Constitution of the Independent Republic of Uzbekistan, the changes and amendments made to it during the years of independence, and the processes of adoption of the new version of the constitution in 2023 using various articles, works and sources.